Friday, December 27, 2019

Joyce Carol Oates Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been

Joyce Carol Oates Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? Joyce Carol Oates was born in 1938 in Lockport, New York. She started writing very young and that the age of fifteen she submitted her first novel, but it was rejected for being too dark;. This style of writing is common on many of her works including Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?; Oates graduated from Syracuse University and then went on to get her masters degree from the University of Wisconsin. Oates turned much often in her writing to everyday characters, which she often placed in situations that were both psychologically and socially terrifying.; (Short Stories For Students 258) Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? is based on a killer in†¦show more content†¦Friend has shaggy black hair that looked crazy as a wig. His nose was long and hawk like and his most devilish of features was his eyes, which looked like chips of broken glass that caught the light; (Devilish Qualities of Friend, Collins) Friend seemed to know everything about Connie. He knew where her family was, what they were doing, and even small details like what her sister was wearing. That gives the reader an eerie feeling, almost a foreshadowing of how much power Friend has over Connie. The name Arnold Friend brings up a lot of speculation. Of course the last name Friend; is highly ironic because that is the last thing Arnold wants, to be her friend. Linda F. Raines, the author of Joyce Carol Oates writes an interesting interpretation of Arnold Friends name involves removing some of the letters in order to see the secret meaning; behind the name: ARNOLD FRIEND Now, minus the R; in Arnold and the R; in Friend he takes on a new, possibly truer identity: AN OLD FIEND.; Arnold Friend interpretation of the Devil or evil is quite vast. So much has been written on even the slightest of similarities its impossible to find every meaning behind him and his actions. In the parking lot Friend signs Connie with an X;. Friend always had a habit of wagging hisShow MoreRelatedJoyce Carol Oates Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?651 Words   |  3 PagesJoyce Carol Oates Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? Every person comes face to face at some point in life with vital decisions. Some of the decisions are minor ones, while others can bring turning points in life. In Joyce Carol Oates Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? she displays a particular instant in the main characters life. This character, Connie was caught in the difficult transition from her youth and innocence to a doubtful future. Throughout the story Connie alternatesRead MoreWhere are you Going? Where Have you Been? by Joyce Carol Oates1100 Words   |  5 PagesWhere Are You Going, Where have you been? is a short story written by Joyce Carol Oates. The 75 year old American author and professor at Princeton University, introduce the story of 15 year old Connie who is rebelling against her mother’s whishes. A very arrogant and selfish girl that in her world the only thing that matters is how many heads she can turn when walking into a room. Through the story life gives her a test, to confront Arnold Friend, th e antagonist of the story; who possesses a nefariousRead MoreWhere Are You Going, Where Have You Been By Joyce Carol Oates990 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Reality: An Analysis of â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been† by Joyce Carol Oates Joyce Carol Oates has kept her true inspiration behind â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been† in order to create a willing suspension of disbelief between realism and fantasy. The short story by Oates was released soon after the newspaper published the murders committed by Charles Schmid Jr. in 1966. The story displays numerous resembling details that match the real-life murder case involving â€Å"TheRead MoreWhere Are You Going, Where Have You Been By Joyce Carol Oates1032 Words   |  5 PagesOne may never realize the people surrounding one’s everyday life, crammed with bodies of contrasting characters, pasts’, and styles; however, who are these people genuinely? Arnold Friend, in the short story, â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been† by Joyce Carol Oates, managed to deceive with his false characteristics. Arnold Friend was brought to life from Oates’s imagination of the mischievous serial killer Charles Schmid. Arnold Friend and Charles Schmid similarly attempted to delude withRead MoreWhere Are You Going, Where Have You Been? by Joyce Carol Oates1157 Words   |  5 Pages Joyce Carol Oates’ â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?† is a modern interpretation of the classic narrative of evil tempting innocence. Oates’ version of the devil allegory combines this Christian model of temptation with contemporary secular society. Connie is a pretty fifteen year-old girl, beginning the process of maturation into adulthood. She begins to become aware of her ability to act of her own volition, but her naivete renders her ignorant to Arnold Friend’s layers ofRead More Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been by Joyce Carol Oates1563 Words   |  7 PagesWhere Are You Going, Where Have You Been by Joyce Carol Oates In Joyce Carol Oates story, a teenage girl named Connie was stripped of her innocence. Gonna get you baby( 497).This chilling line is what the devil said to Connie the first time Connie came in contact with him which foreshadows of things to come. This one comment clearly points to a situation where Connie would be taken from a safe haven of innocence. She would be TAKEN, not simply invited. Connie was a Read MoreWhere Are You Going, Where Have You Been by Joyce Carol Oates1107 Words   |  4 PagesIn Joyce Carol Oates â€Å"Where are you going, where have you been?† introduces us to Connie a self-absorbed, rebellious, and very naà ¯ve fifteen year old who is tossed into this world of sexuality, and adulthood she believes she knows all about. As Oates explains about Connie to us we get introduced to what influences her to act out and not care what others think and go about dealing with problems herself. Her mom is brought in as an over protective mother who wants to see her daughter succeed but doesn’tRead MoreJoyce Carol Oates Where Are You Going Where Have You Been1502 Words   |  7 PagesThe Devil in Disguise Joyce Carol Oates’s â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?† describes the story of a fifteen-year old girl named Connie who does not seem to have a care in the world. The story takes place in the seventies. Connie is a girl who just wants to have fun and is all about her appearance and boys. In the beginning of the story, you understand the relationship between the mother and Connie. The mother appears to be malicious of her young and beautiful Connie saying such harshRead MoreWhere Are You Going Where Have You Been? by Joyce Carol Oates991 Words   |  4 PagesThe decisions that you make throughout life can make or break you; you just have to make the right ones. In Joyce Carol Oates story â€Å"Where Are Your Going Where Have You Been?†, the main character is Connie. Connie had an older sister but she was nothing like her. Her older sister always pleased her mom, and Connie did not care. Connie and her friend hang out and go to the shopping cente r or the movies. One day they decided that instead of going to the mall they would go to the diner across theRead MoreWhere Are You Going, Where Have You Been by Joyce Carol Oates1008 Words   |  5 Pages There are always two sides to every story. The short story â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been†, by Joyce Carol Oates is a prefect example of just that. In this short story, the main character is a fifteen year old girl, named Connie. The young adolescent has two sides to herself; one when she is at home and one when she is out with her friends. When Connie is at home, she acts childlike. However, when she goes out she tries to act like an adult by changing her clothes and the way she talks

Wednesday, December 18, 2019

Jane Eyre as an Independent Woman Essay - 1912 Words

Jane Eyre as an Independent Woman Jane Eyre was probably the most shocking and controversial novel of it’s time. Not only was it almost unheard of for a readable novel to be written by a woman, but the views and opinions expressed by the character of Jane Eyre were unthinkable and before their time. In the eighteenth century, when Queen Victoria was at the height of her reigning day, People were far more reserved that the people of today. People were much more prudish and kept themselves to themselves. Life, in general, was very class orientated with the aristocrats of the day dominating the social status whilst the poor were ostracized. Therefore, moving to a higher class was near impossible. Society was very much male†¦show more content†¦This wasn’t the only spout of courage that was before it’s time either. Jane answers black bluntly to her benefactress. Mrs Reed who â€Å"condemned her† since she was â€Å"not worthy of notice†. This and the fact that, Jane had been â€Å"trodden on her severely† by Mrs Reed, who had told Mr Brocklehurst that she had â€Å"a bad character and a deceitful disposition† lead to her up rise against her aunt. â€Å"The very though of you makes me sick†¦you treated me with miserable cruelty.† Even Jane admits that a â€Å"child cannot quarrel with its elders.† It was deemed unruly by the people of their day; this showed her independence by proving that she can stand up for what she believes it right even if it means defying her elder with such â€Å"furious feelings† By not being intimidated by the not allowing her herself to be intimidated by the â€Å"quisitive looking†¦ solemnly speaking† Mr Brocklehurst, Jane showed her self-determination. She answered bluntly to his questions and gave some answers which where seen as â€Å"objectionable†. When asked by an older superior figure what she must do to avoid hell, she answers curtly â€Å"I must keep in good health, and not die.† This was typical of Jane’s â€Å"passionate disposition† and shows her independence of her way of thinking. Children where expected to obey the rule set out by the Bible and answer truthfully and polite to their elders,Show MoreRelatedFeminism in Jane Eyre753 Words   |  4 PagesAP English III Charlotte Bronte wrote Jane Eyre in 1847, when men were far superior to women. That is why a major debate remains on whether Jane Eyre is a feminist novel or not. It would not be surprising to say that the novel has very feminist undertones because of the time period, the Victorian Era, in which women were treated poorly. However, one could argue that Jane Eyre is actually an anti-feminist novel due to some of the context throughout the story. Both these feminist and anti-feministRead MoreOn Feminism and Jane Eyre Essay1257 Words   |  6 Pageswith, men in a society dominated by men. These seekers are called feminists and many feminists see Charlotte Bronte’s titular character Jane Eyre as a proto-feminist icon of the Victorian era. Not only does Jane Eyre show the struggle of one woman under one man it represents the struggle of women in a male-dominated society. Reading Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre through a feminist perspective reveals Jane’s fight for in dependence, individuality, and equality in a society controlled and dominated byRead MoreSummary Of Charlotte Bronte s Jane Eyre1607 Words   |  7 PagesEquality is a given. The oldest and most relevant discussion on equality lies with the difference of sex; man versus woman. In the eighteenth century, society very much male dominated. Women were expected to obey a man s commands and were treated inferior to their male superior. This novel embodies the ideology of equality between men and women in society. Charlotte Bronte s novel Jane Eyre embraces many views in opposition to the Victorian gender limitations. Ultimately, the reader can see the authorRead MoreJane Eyre Critical Analysis1008 Words   |  5 PagesCanning Dual British Literature Period 1 5 December 2017 TITLE In the outstanding novel of Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontà «, one is presented with the story of a romantic heroine named Jane Eyre who pursued independence during an era in which women were inferior to men. Jane proved her independence by demanding self-respect, becoming socially independent, and pursuing true love based on equality. Jane Eyre was an orphan left to depend on unsympathetic relatives who mistreated her. As Millicent bellRead MoreEquality Within Charlotte Bronte s Jane Eyre1673 Words   |  7 PagesEquality is a given. The oldest and most relevant discussion on equality lies with the difference of sex; man versus woman. In the eighteenth century, society very much male dominated. Women were expected to obey a man s commands and were treated inferior to their male superior. This novel embodies the ideology of equality between men and women in society. Charlotte Bronte s novel Jane Eyre embraces many views in opposition to the Victorian gender limitations. Ultimately, the reader can see the authorRead MoreFeminism in the Novel Jane Erye Essay examples1241 Words   |  5 Pagesover two centuries, with the view articulating in the â€Å"19th century meaning that women were inherently equal to men and deserved equal rights and opportunities.† (Gustafson, 1) Many women throughout time have stood forward towards women’s rights. Jane Eyre was written and published during the Victorian Era. The novel was written by Charlotte Brontà «, but published under the pseudonym Currer Bell. Pseudonyms were used frequently by women at this point in time, as they were believed to be inferiorRead MoreConforming To Society’S Rules Is Not An Option For Everyone.1127 Words   |  5 Pagesorphan Jane Eyre. Jane lived during the Victorian Era in England. During this time period women did not have the same freedoms as men, so as of result women lived under constant oppression. Women had to suffer loveless marriages and the inability to survive without men. Not only, were women oppressed emotionally they were not able to be independent from men. Jane Eyre objects the rules of society and attempts to find passion and independence in her life. Within Jane Eyre by Charlotte Brontà «, Jane Eyre’sRead MoreJane Eyre 780 Words   |  4 PagesJane Eyre Theme Essay (rough draft) Independence, the capacity to manage ones own affairs, make one’s own judgments, and provide for one’s self. Jane Eyre herself is a very independent woman. Throughout her life she has depended on very few people for very little. Charlotte Brontà « wants the reader to learn that independence can open many doors of possibilities. Jane in her younger years was practically shunned by everyone and was shown very little love and compassion, from this throughoutRead MoreEssay Jane Eyre As A Modern Woman778 Words   |  4 Pages Jane Eyre as a Modern Woman nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Throughout the course of Charlotte Bronte’s novel, Jane Eyre, Jane is used as a representation of a modern woman. Jane does many things which women of her time didn’t do. She started reading as a little girl. This was a talent that most women at the time didn’t acquire throughout their entire lives. She learned how to write, also. This, too, was a skill most women of that time did not possess. Perhaps the biggest reason why Jane is a modernRead More Independence in Jane Eyre Essay701 Words   |  3 PagesJane Eyre Essayindependence Jane Eyre, a novel written by Charlotte Bronte, is about a young girl named Jane that struggles to discover her identity. Jane’s a girl who is â€Å"unhappy, very unhappy†(23). She grows up with relatives that treat her unfairly because her diseased family was not wealthy. Jane’s uncle Mr. Reed had reminded his wife and family to consider Jane as their own, but in contrast she experienced physical abuse by her aunt and cousin John. â€Å"John Reed knocked me down and my aunt

Tuesday, December 10, 2019

Julia McKenzie everythings coming up Sondheim Essay Example For Students

Julia McKenzie: everythings coming up Sondheim Essay On paper, Julia McKenzie and Stephen Sondheim couldnt seem a less likely couple. Shes the archetypal English suburbanite who lists cooking and gardening as her hobbies in Whos Who. Hes the quintessential New York cosmopolite, an overtly brilliant wit and lover of puzzles whose musicals have transformed the American theatre. And yet mutual admiration societies dont come much stronger. In Britain, McKenzie is without peer as a Sondheim interpreter, having starred in four of his musicals, with a fifth Sweeney Todd due at the National in June. The recent Off-Broadway opening of Putting It Together, running through May 23 at Manhattan Theatre Club, tests her mettle on Sondheims home turf for the first time since she brought Side by Side by Sondheim to Broadway in 1977. But this time, McKenzie is offstage, not on, directing none other than Julie Andrews in that toughest of genres a play-as-revue. Outline1 One peak to another  2 Somewhere on an emotional line  3 Andrews with an A   One peak to another   We will write a custom essay on Julia McKenzie: everythings coming up Sondheim specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Weve been making up words; maybe its a revue-sical, the 52-year-old McKenzie jokes a week into previews, pleased at the progress the show is making. No one knows what the hell to call it. Lets just say that people come out believing theyve seen a play. To me, its just whatever it is. Its certainly not a concert, not a revue, not a musical, not a play. At heart, its another tribute to Sondheim from an actress-director who has gone from one Sondheim-related peak to another. To be sure, McKenzie has had her share of success elsewhere, ranging from Alan Ayckbourns quietly demented Susan in Woman in Mind to the hilarious yet wrenching Miss Adelaide at the heart of Richard Eyres 1982 National Theatre production of Guys and Dolls. But its in partnership with Sondheim that she has really soared. In Side by Side, McKenzie avoided the overriding archness, offering a Broadway Baby that moved from girlish insouciance to full-throttle bravura. As Sally Plummer in the 1987 London Follies, McKenzie was a haunted musicals haunted center: a portrait of erotic longing and marital despair hidden behind bright eyes and almost constant good cheer. Inheriting Bernadette Peterss role as the Witch in Into the Woods (1990), she lent a cohesive morality to an emotionally diffuse showa performance at once fun and furious, loaded with poignancy and pizzazz. Surprisingly, McKenzie the singer admires most about Sondheim the demands he makes on McKenzie the actress. All Steves songs are complete acting pieces, so you dont feel the frustrations of a normal musical. We have in Britain a very great tradition of literature and the theatre, and I think Steve is part of that. Somewhere on an emotional line   McKenzie has little time for any received opinion about the coldness of his material. I find his stuff tremendously emotional; it triggers off immense feelings for me. The passion in his lyrics is so emotionally put. His people dont say I love you ever straight in a song. Instead, its like in Too Many Mornings |from Follies~: All that time wasted / merely passing through. That to me is an epitome of a relationship; we meet somewhere on an emotional line. As she recalls it, McKenzie was approached on the same day to play the Witch in Into the Woods and direct a kind of sequel to Side by Side. Unsurprisingly, she said yes to both, only realizing later that a straightforward Side by Side 2 would be untenable. I didnt think we could possibly do another Side by Side with three stools and a narrator, says the director, who won a Tony nomination for her work on that production. For Putting It Together, I got the songs I couldnt leave out, the ones I desperately wanted to use. A framework of sorts followed: We have an older couple, seemingly very happy and a younger couple wanting what the older couple have. We put it together like a game of consequences, writing little party sequences to hang it on. .uc4aaf6e3dcc9688c3c56db093369f35c , .uc4aaf6e3dcc9688c3c56db093369f35c .postImageUrl , .uc4aaf6e3dcc9688c3c56db093369f35c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc4aaf6e3dcc9688c3c56db093369f35c , .uc4aaf6e3dcc9688c3c56db093369f35c:hover , .uc4aaf6e3dcc9688c3c56db093369f35c:visited , .uc4aaf6e3dcc9688c3c56db093369f35c:active { border:0!important; } .uc4aaf6e3dcc9688c3c56db093369f35c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc4aaf6e3dcc9688c3c56db093369f35c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc4aaf6e3dcc9688c3c56db093369f35c:active , .uc4aaf6e3dcc9688c3c56db093369f35c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc4aaf6e3dcc9688c3c56db093369f35c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc4aaf6e3dcc9688c3c56db093369f35c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc4aaf6e3dcc9688c3c56db093369f35c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc4aaf6e3dcc9688c3c56db093369f35c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc4aaf6e3dcc9688c3c56db093369f35c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc4aaf6e3dcc9688c3c56db093369f35c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc4aaf6e3dcc9688c3c56db093369f35c .uc4aaf6e3dcc9688c3c56db093369f35c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc4aaf6e3dcc9688c3c56db093369f35c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The hero nobody knows EssayAndrews with an A   Putting It Together premiered in early 1992 in Oxford, England, where the cast included Diana Rigg, Clarke Peters (Five Guys Named Moe), and Claire Moore (Miss Saigon). When the lack of a theatre made a West End transfer impossible, McKenzie and producer Cameron Mackintosh instead turned to the Manhattan Theatre Club. The arrival of Julie Andrews altered the event further, adding an event status to what had been an ensemble show. But beyond bringing in Could I Leave You from Follies to end the first act (a violation of McKenzies early rule that no song from Side by Side could reappear in Putting It Together) the director maintains that Andrewss presence has made no difference. It hasnt distorted the show or weighted it in any way. If you look at the poster, Julie Andrews appears in alphabetical orderits not her fault her name starts with A. With the show in previews, McKenzie is due back in London to prepare for Sweeney rehearsals under the direction of Declan Donnellan (Angels in America). Its the one Ive been waiting for, she says of the role of Mrs. Lovett. Shes eager to take on the production without any preconceived notions. Declans such an unusual director that whatever I think will not be what he has in mind; besides, since Ive directed, Im awfully good to directors. But will McKenzie make good on the other Sondheim lead she has so far put off the monstrous Mama Rose in Gypsy? On this point, she gently demurs. Oh my God, no. It needs an American. I could act it, but I wouldnt be it.

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

Summary of Hot, Flat, Crowded by Thomas L. Friedman free essay sample

He then also argues that the United States can solve its own problems and help the entire planet, by becoming a world leader in green technology. Global warming, global flattening, and global crowding are the three main elements leading up to the five big problems which are energy supply and demand, petrodictatorship, climate change, energy poverty, and biodiversity loss. Global Warming~Hot: Global warming is the problem. There’s nothing to it plain and simple. The idea that the world is becoming â€Å"hot† which is an issue for the world as a whole. This is where Friedman believes that global warming could actually be a potential source of salvation for the United States, that green energy will be the next major advancement in global economies. The need for renewable energy technology and for technologies that will reduce the need for energy will increase substantially. This is where Friedman and I have the same idea that whichever country dominates the development and production of green technology will become or remain the strongest country in the world, now this is economically speaking. We will write a custom essay sample on Summary of Hot, Flat, Crowded by Thomas L. Friedman or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Friedman also hopes that the United States will develop a national strategy that will allow it to dominate this vial sector of the future economy. Globalized Economy ~ Flat: When Friedman says the world is â€Å"flat† he means the economy is increasingly globalized, which it is. The internet and other technologies as we all know have allowed many jobs especially those that pay well to be performed by workers just about anywhere in the world. There is a major downfall to this for the United States which is jobs can be outsourced to people who will do them as well as Americans can but for a shorter amount of money. Rapidly Increasing Populations ~ Crowded: The final problem is that the world has become â€Å"crowded† meaning the world is overpopulated and the global population is increasing by becoming middle-class. What does this mean? It means that as people achieve middle-class status, they will start to demand more and more material goods, thus the production of these goods uses even more resources. Crowding is a particular problem in the United States as we all know. Friedman says that the consumption of non-renewable resources tends to enrich oil-rich countries of the Middle East and thus threatening national security. Global warming, global crowding, and global flattening are the three main factors and as results there are five key problems and they are: Energy Supply and Demand: â€Å"Growing demand for ever scarcer energy supplies and natural resources† In the periods between the Industrial Revolution up until the twentieth century, there was an illusion most people believed in and that was that all the fossil fuels humanity was using for our transportation, buildings, heating, electricity, cooking, and other industrial purposes were completely never ending, inexpensive, and both climate and political use good. However, all this began to change when humanity woke up from this illusion right into reality. It was when we entered the Energy-Climate Era that we soon realized of fossil fuels being increasingly expensive, exhaustible, and are politically, environmentally, and climatically toxic because of all the CO2 being released into the atmosphere by the fossil fuels that we increasingly consume on a daily basis. What changed is that the economy became increasingly globalized and the world is becoming overpopulated and the global population is increasingly becoming middle class; all at a fast rate than we have anticipated. So basically when your economy is globalized and world population increases (flat plus crowded), there will be a global demand for food, energy, and natural resources which of course grew at a quick pace. Philip K. Werleger Jr. , who is a well-known energy economists who also wrote in the International Economy (September 22, 2007) stated that, â€Å"History may well repeat from 2001 to 2020 as China, India, and other countries move from developing to developed nations. Consumption can be expected to increase at a pace close to the rate of the economic growth in these nations, just as it did in Europe, Japan, and the United States following the Second World War† And he also stated that, â€Å"While these countries may, through efficiency measures be able to produce more GDP growth with less energy, the fact is that they are now involved in building massive amounts of new infrastructure and â€Å"that infrastructure is energy intensive. Many more people can suddenly or are or will be living the middle-class lifestyle and not to mention that they are demand-driven. These are the forces that are fueling the Energy-Climate Era. Larry Goldstein who is an oil export at the Energy Policy Research Foundation mentions â€Å"the pivotal year that told us we were in a new era in terms of global energy supply and demand was 2004. There were two major incidents that happened that year and they were an increased demand for energy thanks to China’s growth and all the spare crude, product, and refining capacity all disappeared. Following this are three reasons such as a shortage of skilled petroleum engineers, drilling equipment’s as well as other equipment’s in the oil industry which makes expanding the oil production very difficult. Second, many countries have kicked out foreign oil producers in order to pump more oil themselves – this is exactly what the Middle East and Russia have done. This action basically discouraged the professional experienced global oil companies there and also reduced the production of oil in general. Finally, many western nations as well as America have limited the amount of acreage they were willing to offer for conservative reasons. Not only did oil prices began to soar but to there is also oven more demand for natural resources. In general, we are running out and/or a shortage of many resources such as steel, contractors, and engineers. One important factor you have to keep in mind is that with an increase in fuel prices results in an increase on agriculture which then results in an increase of grocery prices due to countries allocating more land for biofuels like ethanol so that they can be less dependent on oil. Overall, this is what happens when the world becomes both flat and crowded. Petrodictatorship: â€Å"Massive transfer of wealth to oil-rich countries and to their petro dictators† When I hear the word petrodictatorship, I come to think of those very rich Arabs, with their flowing robes and turbans on their heads who hail from oil-rich producing Middle Eastern countries such as Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Iran, and other Persian Gulf states. Petrodictatorship involves a massive transfer of wealth from energy-consuming countries to energy-producing countries which amounts to hundreds of billions of dollars a year, and the price of oil soaring at great heights. These massive amounts of wealth go directly to the hands of nondemocratic leaders preferably dictators and this is a major trend in these oil-rich producing countries. Climate Change: â€Å"Disruptive Climate Change† The rise of earth’s average temperature has caused many natural disasters such as Hurricane Katrina back in 2005 or the tsunami that hit Japan last year. The reason all behind it is because CO2 stays in the atmosphere for several thousand years and the more CO2 that gets into Mother Nature’s system results in more catastrophic events from nature. As we enter the Energy-Climate Era we are leaving the perceived ideas of manageable and reversible effects of climate change such as conventional pollution, acidic rain, ozone depletion, and etc. However, as we leave that era and enter an era where we finally start to realize that these effects are becoming more and more unmanageable and irreversible. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change also known as the IPCC report told us that Hurricane Katrina gave us a sample of what unmanageable climate change could look like in the near future, when the city of New Orleans was smashed by Katrina many climatologists believed this was due to global warming. All of this is due to all the greenhouse gas emissions we humans use on a daily basis. Rajendra Pachauri who is the chairman of IPCC stated, â€Å"If there is no action before the year 2012, then it is too late. What we do in the next three years will determine our future. This is the defining moment. One must keep in mind that there is an enormous difference between a two degree temperature rise and a five degree temperature rise says Peter Gleick who is the cofounder and president of the Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security. Energy Poverty: â€Å"Electricity haves and Electricity have-nots† Electricity is important in our time because o f the world increasingly becoming hot, flat, and crowded; there will also be more demands for electricity as electricity provides a wide-range of necessities such as connection to the internet and lighting. Staying connected to the internet through electricity lets you compete, connect, and collaborate both locally and globally; however, without electricity you cannot do any of these tasks. One of the many benefits of a computer is forecasting weather, which is a great tool to keep track and indicate climate changes so that one may prepare him/herself for any climate changes. Also, electricity helps you desalinize water, drill deeper wells, or use power tools to build dams and higher walls. So, there we go, we have two types of groups: first, those who cannot afford electricity or the electricity have not’s and second, those who can afford electricity or the electricity haves. Since the world is crowded, there will be a higher percentage of group two which are the electricity have not’s. Biodiversity Loss: â€Å"Plants and animals become extinct at record rates† The rapidly accelerating biodiversity loss is a major problem to our planet in general. Ever since we humans began to develop our economies, build more roads, extract natural resources, overfish, and become more and more urbanized at a very fast pace, we have come to destroying natural habitats, coral reefs, natural ecosystems, open land, spoiling rivers with toxic waste, and destroying habits thus causing the extinction of many species due tour â€Å"productive† activities. Methods Author uses: The author, Thomas L. Friedman uses a different method to write his book by splitting the book into two sections which I believe the second section is the real important part of the book and the first one is not that nteresting but informational. The first section of the book talks about all the obvious problems we face today such as pollution and energy issues. The second section is where Friedman gives us an insight of possible solutions and successfully argues the business case for going green. Looking back into the past, the United States was the leader in the manufac turing business and then the information age that followed, so how come we are not leading the green age? This is America’s chance to be a leader for a third time by taking advantage of this great opportunity of starting a green revolution within America first and then take it on from there. America has lost their attention by its many wars on terror and other third world countries and strayed away from global leadership. However, if we do not act now others will take that chance for us which makes us join the bandwagon when it is already a little too late. Developing a system in which we preserve our natural assets because the degradation of these assets will and is directly affecting the quality of our lives. Friedman mentions that each preservation system will need to be different depending on the local environment and to this there are six main components. First, is that the national government policies need to set aside areas for conservation and other areas for development. Second, is to have economic opportunities for the local community to thrive without harming the local biodiversity. Third, is have investors with an interest in keeping the biodiversity intact and make profits. Fourth, is having a local government who is able and willing to preserve and protect the areas. Fifth, is have experts with the ability to do biodiversity assessment to assess which areas should be protected and lastly educational programs for the people so it is less necessary to plunder the natural world around us. Code Green: This is Friedman’s proposed plan and solution to the dilemmas we now face. Code Green basically highlights the need for a whole new system to power our economy, keep our planet clean, and making our living styles much better. It is about how we need to replace and get rid of the â€Å"dirty fuel† with something more fresher and green wise. There are three main components to plan A also known as Code Green and they are clean energy, energy efficiency, and conservation. Also keep in mind that Code Green is plan A and there is no plan B. * Clean Energy: We need to replace the dirty fuel we are now using with something that is much cleaner, sustainable, cheap, and abundant. * Energy Efficiency: Since clean energy will not be here any time soon, we need to at least reduce the demand and usage of fossil fuels that are emitting CO2 into our ozone layer and causing global warming and climate changes. * Conservation: We need to change our lifestyles into something that is much greener and finally taking responsibility for the earth. Using less fossil fuels and other toxic products so that it can stall the ever growing problem of global warming, ozone depletion, acidic rain, and etc. Green Technology: Going green or thinking green is much more than a clean energy movement because it has to be a way of life; a new lifestyle that is. As for China who is growing tremendously and becoming industrialized at a very fast rate, needs to learn how to adopt new standards very soon. The Chinese needs to focus on being green right now and not worry about it later as they only focus on industrialization. Friedman suggests that the citizens of china should stand up for their basic right to breath in clean air since the government only focuses on putting a greater emphasis on the industrialization than being green. Green Revolution: Friedman clearly outlines the governmental policies that we will need to shed more light on the green revolution. The green revolution is a revolution of simply being green, changing the way we live, taking care of the planet we live in, and becoming smart when using technologies. He also stresses of the fact for needing a green revolution, that the citizens need to demand a green revolution, and that we also need a new generation of politicians who understand the need for a green revolution and will act upon it. Chapter Three: Our Carbon Copies (or, Too Many Americans)   This chapter begins with the portrayal of two examples of foreign cities which have rapidly transformed into American-like mega cities. One is Doha, Qatar, and the other is Dalian, China. Both are described as having high populations and massive amounts of infrastructure which have been built in response to consumer demand for technological products. Due to high levels of Carbon Dioxide pollution over a very short period, overpopulation, and industrial presence, these two cities have become hot, flat, and crowded. In the country of India, the presence of technological change and their niche of the last several years, the majority of the population has risen out of poverty to a life style of commuter traffic. Chapter Eight: Green is the New Red, White and Blue There is an importance in which all of the problems already discussed, such as the human race, or being the first nation stepping up and making a change, moving forward and leading an existence which is less harsh on the planet. We the citizens of the world need a new clean energy system as of right now; one that can reduce and eventually eliminate our carbon mess. We can no longer hide the major and sickening changes around us and there is no clear reason for anyone to turn the blind eye. The new â€Å"green lifestyle that is necessary presents the companies who pioneer the movement with great opportunities as well. It also equates to â€Å"economic, political, innovative, and reputational power† for the nation who embraces this challenge and identity (Friedman, 212). An old way of viewing individuals who care about the preservation of the environment is to refer to them with the negative terms â€Å"tree-hugger† or â€Å"hippie. † This view was popular with those who were progressive in terms of our industrial progress and goals of the last century. It is time for this way of thinking to yield to a new green movement, which Friedman adores the title â€Å"code green. Friedman wants his audience to understand that â€Å"green is the new red, white, and blue. † Chapter Ten: The Energy Internet~ When IT meets ET Chapter ten describe what real clean energy implementation would be like. The energy systems of old which are still being utilized were never designed with anyone’s wellbeing or efficiencies in mind. Instead they were designed to be efficient for the com panies who administer them to install and to yield profit. Obviously this system is outdated and represents a time when no one cared about how much coal we used and still use, or where the toxic emissions go. In the future we will need smarter technologies that respond to changes in electrical demand, rather than continually running inefficiently. By changing core IT hardware such as hard drives and other infrastructure currently utilized, we can dramatically lower our energy usage—energy which we will use more wisely and efficiently. Chapter Eleven: The Stone Age Didn’t End Because We Ran Out of Stones Chapter thirteen sends us the message that we need to act very quickly. We simply cannot wait until we run out of a given resource to worry about how to fulfill its place. Instead we need to innovate. Innovating something that is much greener, sustainable, and cleaner would be the item of choice. Therefore, we cannot regulate our use of fossil fuels, or how these fossil fuels are refined and the outcome of the final product. We need to open our eyes and look farther into the future instead of looking down on our feet. Chapter Fourteen: Out Greening Al-Queda (or, Buy One, Get Four Free) Going green or thinking green is more than a clean energy movement; people need to understand that it is a way of life. Using a lot less of energy and are sustainable off of a lot less than for example, Friedman states that the United States military, which is dependent on a lot of energy, derived from use of fossil fuels. This dependence limits the military’s ability to react quickly and helps determine the limits of what they can do and where they can do it. For the United States military to maintain power and to reflect upon our status of power as a nation, they must adapt to green technologies that are more practical such as solar power. Overall we need to change our habits and ways. Conclusions drawn by author: In his book Hot, Flat, amp; Crowded, Friedman mostly focuses on the problems and remedies of global warming. However, Friedman also identifies and gives detail descriptions and solutions of major problems facing the world, of which global warming the greatest. In the very final chapter, Friedman focuses on the businesses and technologies that we will be using to make the green revolution both come alive and work. In the eighteenth chapter of Friedman’s book, he advices the United States to come up with a green plan to make drastic changes in the near future. In others quit with all these â€Å"researches† and take action for once. His main argument is that the United States and the world could solve its own problems and help the entire world. But the question is what are we waiting for? Examples of how book relates to class: One of the most interesting elements out of Friedman’s work is its recasting of geography. The idea of geography used to encompass vast distances of worlds that are known. There was a sense of the separate that encompassed geographic study such as â€Å"X was here† and â€Å"we are there. However, Friedman recasts this in a variety of ways. Initially, because of the vast progression of information technology and the massive proliferation of technological contact between people, there is a growing interconnectedness between people and nations. Geography is being seen as a more â€Å"closely† defined realm, whereby distance is not the focal point, but rather the togetherness is shared. Geog raphic distances are now only seen as a source of amazement as to how our world is actually smaller. Borders are only made to be overcome. At the same time, geography has changed in emphasizing the interdependence that is present. In emphasizing how connected all individuals really are, Friedman makes the point that geography has to focus on how destruction of resources in one area of the overcrowded world impacts others nearby. In this recasting of geography; closeness over distance is emphasized. Personal Reaction: My personal reaction was two things the first was fascination because of how Friedman connects environmental issues and ties that into the globalization of our world. How he talks about the problems such as global warming or over population and then delivers a detail description of what he thinks is the possible solutions. Friedman is very straight through and gives hardcore evidence of the many dilemmas we humans face as well as Mother Nature. Second, I was surprised as to how much trouble this generation is in and I have to say at first I didn’t believe Friedman, thought it was some fictional scientific report; however, that was not the case. The case was that everything Friedman mentions was and still is true and he backs that up with plenty of facts from numerous sources. Honestly, I believe Friedman is one of the most brilliant people around because of his foresight to use facts from where we have been, where we currently are, and were we are heading. Upon completing this book, it has left me with an insight of the perils we face yet that we must make a change right now and take action. References: Friedman, Thomas L. Hot, flat, and crowded 2.0: Why we need a green revolutionand how it can renew America. Macmillan, 2009. Kalpakjian, Serope, and Steven R. Schmid. Manufacturing engineering and technology. Ed. KS Vijay Sekar. Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA: Pearson, 2014. Chen, B. K., P. F. Thomson, and S. K. Choi. Temperature distribution in the roll-gap during hot flat rolling. Journal of materials processing technology 30.1 (1992): 115-130. Sparling, L. G. M. Formula for ‘Spread’in Hot Flat Rolling. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers 175.1 (1961): 604-640. Ward, S. H., et al. A summary of the geology, geochemistry, and geophysics of the Roosevelt Hot Springs thermal area, Utah. Geophysics 43.7 (1978): 1515-1542. Kim, Sung Joong, et al. Surface wettability change during pool boiling of nanofluids and its effect on critical heat flux. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 50.19 (2007): 4105-4116.